Essays and Documents
![]() |
| The Bard's Beer coaster created by Sleeman's in conjunction with the special brew created for the Shakespeare Made in Canada Festival |
Sections
Canadian Shakespeares (Borrowers and Lenders)
Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations in Theatre, Pop Media and Visual Arts
Shakespeare and French Canada: Critical Writing Anthology
Canadian Theatre Review
College Literature
Research Essays and Dissertations
Documents
Theatre Program
Special Topics
CASP has made available online a number of essays and documents concerning Shakespearean theatrical adaptation in Canada. Our policy in selecting these documents has been to allow for a range of differential voices and positions to be heard, including playwrights, critics, policy makers, graduate students, and so forth. The range of materials to be found on this page is significant: from complete versions of special issues of Canadian Theatre Review devoted to Shakespeare in Canada, through to graduate essays and dissertations, and academic essays that address Shakespearean adaptation in Canada.
Additionally, we have added a range of relevant documents in which Shakespeare figures, including the full version of the influential Massey Commission Report, the first program ever used at the Stratford Festival, and a range of other textual artefacts associated with the production of Shakespeare in Canada.
Essays and/or documents have been scanned with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and are fully searchable. Useful links to major documents have also been provided. You will require Adobe Acrobat Reader to read these documents; visit the Adobe website to download the reader for free.
Borrowers and Lenders: The Journal of Shakespeare and Appropriation, Volume 3, No. 1, 2008: Canadian Shakespeares, edited by Daniel Fischlin. Borrowers and Lenders, winner of the CELJ Best New Journal Award in 2007, is a peer-reviewed, online, multimedia Shakespeare journal (http://www.borrowers.uga.edu). The journal is indexed in the MLA Bibliography, World Shakespeare Bibliography, and other databases. General Editors: Christy Desmet and Sujata Iyengar; Associate Editor: Robert Sawyer; Assistant Editor: David Schiller. In this special issue, contributors examine issues of Shakespearean adaptation and appropriation in relation to Canadian national contexts. Essays focus on such topics as aboriginal and First Nations relations to Shakespeare; French Canada and Shakespeare; postcolonial culture and Shakespeare; and contemporary Canadian playwrights Judith Thompson and Rod Carley on their re-makings of Shakespeare via adaptive encounters.
![]() |
Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations in Theatre, Pop Media and Visual Arts |
Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations in Theatre, Pop Media and Visual Arts:
- Fischlin, Daniel, and Judith Nasby, eds. Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations in Theatre, Pop Media and Visual Arts. Guelph: Macdonald Stewart Art Centre, 2007.
From January to May 2007, the Shakespeare Made in Canada festival featured theatrical and musical performances, museum exhibitions, a speaker series, educational programs, and more throughout the Guelph-Wellington region. At the centre of the festival was the Macdonald Stewart Art Centre’s exhibition that explored contemporary Canadian adaptations in theatre, pop media, and visual arts in a stunning testament to the Shakespeare effect in Canadian culture. The Shakespeare Made in Canada exhibition brought together for the first time hundreds of rare artifacts, including the Canadian-owned Sanders portrait, contemporary Canadian theatre designs, Shakespeare in French Canada, contemporary Aboriginal adaptations of Shakespeare, new portraiture, an innovative mixed media Learning Commons for youth, an adult literacy and Shakespeare audio installation (Tongues in Trees), as well as new and archival material from the Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project, the L. W. Conolly Theatre Archives (University of Guelph), and the Stratford Festival of Canada.
Co-curated by Daniel Fischlin and Judith Nasby, the exhibit was attended by thousands of people over a six-month period. On this page CASP is making available in electronic form the book that was published in tandem with the exhibit, a rich archive of essays and visual materials that brings together the many voices of the talented scholars, artists, and theatre practitioners who contributed to the design and content of the exhibit.
To purchase a copy of Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations, click here.
![]() |
| Production photograh from Richard II directed by Jean-Louis Roux (Théâtre de Nouveau Monde, 1962) |
Shakespeare and French Canada: Critical Writing Anthology:
A growing number of scholars are turning their attention to the critical role Shakespeare has played in French Canada. Visit CASP's unique anthology of writings from some of the experts working in this field.
- Beddows, Joel. "Translations and Adaptations in Francophone Canada." Canadian Theatre Review 102 (Spring 2000): 11-14.
Beddows explores the distinction between translation and adaptation as ways of appropriating Shakespeare.
- Bolster, Charles Gordon. "Shakespeare in French Canada." MA thesis. Unpublished. University of New Brunswick, 1970.
Bolster chronicles productions of Shakespeare in French Canada between 1945 and 1968 with extensive primary research. New reproductions of some of the material from the Appendices are presented seperately here in an effort to restore the poor quality originals:
- Appendix B -- Alfred Pellan's design drawings for Les Compagnons de St. Laurent's 1946 production of La Nuit des rois, directed by Father Emile Legault. [bolster_appendix_b.pdf]
- Appendix D -- Photos of Gisèle Schmidt (as Katharina) and Gilles Pelletier (as Petruchio) from Télé-théâtre de Radio-Canada's 1953 production of La Mégère apprivoisée directed by Jean Boisvert. [bolster_appendix_d.pdf]
- Appendix H -- Jean Gascon's article "Pourquio Shakespeare?' from the program for Théâtre du Nouveau Monde's 1962 production of Richard II, directed by Gascon. [bolster_appendix_h.pdf]
- Appendix K -- Photos of La Nouvelle Compagnie Théâtrale's 1966 production of La Mégère apprivoisée directed by Pierre Dagenais. [bolster_appendix_k.pdf
- Appendix B -- Alfred Pellan's design drawings for Les Compagnons de St. Laurent's 1946 production of La Nuit des rois, directed by Father Emile Legault. [bolster_appendix_b.pdf]
- Brisset, Annie. "At the Other's Expense: Iconoclastic Translation." Trans. Rosalind Gill and Roger Gannon. A Sociocritique of Translation: Theatre and Alternity in Quebec, 1968-1988. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996: 59-108.
- Brisset, Annie. "Shakespeare, Québécois Nationalist Poet: Perlocutory Translation." Trans. Rosalind Gill and Roger Gannon. A Sociocritique of Translation: Theatre and Alternity in Quebec, 1968-1988. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996: 109-161.
- Gagnon, Chantal. "Le Shakespeare Québécois des Années 1990." This article was originally published in Theatre Research in Canada / Recherches théâtrales au Canada 24.1-2 (2003): 58-75. CASP is grateful for permission to re-publish the article here. Any use of this article should use the citation from TRC/RTC given above. Following on Brisset's research findings that between 1968 and 1988 Quebec translations of foreign plays were linked to the nationalist discourse, Gagnon investigates Quebec translation in the 1990s. Focussing on three translations of Shakespeare's The Tempest, Gagnon finds that "the Quebec theatre institution has taken up the task and it struggles for its own cultural, economic and symbolic survival."
![]() |
| Jean Gascon's "Pourquoi Shakespeare?" |
- Gascon, Jean. "Pourquoi Shakespeare?" This piece by Jean Gascon was included in the foreward to the program for Théâtre du Nouveau Monde's 1962 production of Richard II. Gascon addresses key issues relating to Shakespeare's use and appropriation by French Canada suggesting that Shakespeare represents a cultural summit that is the apogee of theatrical achievement. In doing so he restates conventional tropes about Shakespeare's genius. Nonetheless Gascon went on to play a key role in naturalizing Shakespeare to both Québécois and English speaking audiences, the latter most noticeably in his tenure as Artistic Director at The Stratford Festival of Canada.
- Leanore Lieblein. "Pourquoi Shakespeare?" Lieblein's essay, from Shakespeare Made in Canada: Contemporary Canadian Adaptations in Theatre, Pop Media and Visual Arts (eds Fischlin and Nasby, 2007), the book published in association with the Shakespeare Made in Canada exhibit (January-June 2007), documents the multiple ways in which French Canada has addressed Shakespeare along with an hisotrical overview of some of the key French Canadian Shakespearean productions.
- Leanore Lieblein on Shakespeare in Francophone Quebec.
A useful summary of the various ways in which Shakespeare has been represented in Québec.
- Leanore Lieblein. "Shakespeare: Prince of Quebec." paper presented to the James McGill Society at McGill University on February 17, 2005.
- Salter, Denis. "Between Wor(l)ds: Lepage's Shakespeare Cycle." In Theater sans frontières: Essays on the Dramatic Universe of Robert Lepage, ed. Joseph I. Donohoe, Jr. and Jane M. Koustas. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2000. 191-204. This essay first appeared in Theater 24.3 (1993). 61-70. It also appeared in Polish as "Miedzy Slowami, Mienzy Swiatami," translated by Halina Thylwe, in Dialog (November 1994). [129]-136. This essay won the Richard Plant Prize of the Association for Canadian Theatre Research for the best article in English in 2003.
- Salter, Denis. "Blood... Sex... Death... Birth: Paula de Vasconcelo's Le Making of de Macbeth: an interview." Australasian Drama Studies 29 (Oct. 1996): 66-83.
This interview was originally published as “Blood…Sex…Death…Birth: Paula de Vasconcelos’s Le Making of De Macbeth: an interview,” in “Theatre and the Canadian Imaginary,” ed. Joanne Tompkins, a special focus issue of Australasian Drama Studies 29 (October 1996): 66-83. I am grateful to Professor Tompkins and to Professor Veronica Kelly, editor of Australasian Drama Studies for permission to republish this interview. The copyright remains with the author.
Please visit the Image Gallery for stills from Le Making of De Macbeth production.
- Salter, Denis. "Outside Shakespeare/Inside Québec: Paula de Vasconcelos's Metonymic Performance Text Le Making of de Macbeth." The Performance Text, ed. Domenico Pietropaolo. New York, Ottawa, Toronto: Legas, 1999. 152-177.
This chapter was originally published as “Outside Shakespeare / Inside Québec,” in The Performance Text, ed. Domenico Pietropaolo (New York, Ottawa, and Toronto: Legas, 1999): 152-177. I am grateful to Professor Pietropaolo and to Leonard Sbrocchi of Legas for permission to republish this chapter. The copyright remains with the author.
- Salter, Denis. "Borderlines: A Conversation with Robert Lepage and Théâtre Repère." Theater 24.3 (1993). 71-91.
French Canadian Theatre: Online Resources:
CEAD: Le Centre des auteurs dramatiques:
"Le Centre des auteurs dramatiques (CEAD) uvre depuis 40 ans pour la dramaturgie québécoise et franco-canadienne.
Depuis sa fondation en 1965, le CEAD se voue au soutien, à la promotion et à la diffusion de l'écriture théâtrale québécoise et franco-canadienne. Fondé et dirigé encore aujourd'hui par des auteurs, qui trouvent en lui un moyen de se concerter et de se doter de structures susceptibles de les aider dans leur démarche de création, le CEAD s'applique, au fil des ans, à donner droit de cité à notre dramaturgie et à la faire résonner autant ici qu'à l'étranger.
Les fonctions que remplit le CEAD sont multiples et variées. Les auteurs membres - ils sont maintenant 224 - y trouvent un lieu de recherche où ils peuvent, hors de tout contexte de production, mettre leur travail à l'épreuve de diverses manières: lectures commentées, parrainages par des auteurs chevronnés, activités diverses de travail sur le texte avec des acteurs et des metteurs en scène, lectures publiques... Pour l'ensemble du milieu théâtral ainsi que pour les enseignants, les étudiants, les journalistes et les visiteurs de l'étranger, le CEAD constitue un centre important de ressources et d'information: son centre de documentationaccessible par ce site Internet - met à la disposition du public quelque 3300 titres de pièces québécoises et franco-canadiennes, publiées ou inédites, ainsi que des archives considérables sur tout ce qui touche à cette dramaturgie, depuis ceux qui l'écrivent jusqu'à ceux qui la produisent. Outre la Semaine de la dramaturgie annuelle, le CEAD s'occupe du soutien dramaturgique, de la Résidence québécoise des auteurs dramatiques, de la Carte blanche aux auteurs, de la diffusion en langue anglaise, des échanges internationaux et de l'animation du Fonds Gratien Gélinas pour la relève en écriture dramatique.
Enfin, organisme national de promotion et plaque tournante de la circulation de notre dramaturgie dans le monde, le CEAD propose quotidiennement des textes dramatiques à des professionnels du Québec, du Canada et d'ailleurs." http://www.cead.qc.ca/CEAD_mission.html
Cahiers de Théâtre Jeu Les Cahiers de théâtre Jeu: trimestriel de format livre, sont entièrement consacrés aux arts de la scène. Chaque numéro, abondamment illustré, propose des dossiers thématiques bien documentés et des textes de réflexion susceptibles de rejoindre tout autant les spectateurs de théâtre que ses artistes et artisans.
http://www.revuejeu.org
Dramaturges Éditeurs: Dramaturges Éditeurs a pour mandat de publier tout ce qui touche de près à la dramaturgie, et plus spécifiquement les pièces de théâtres d'auteurs canadiens. Dramaturges Éditeurs occupe un créneau particulier étant la seule maison d'édition à se spécialiser en dramaturgie au Québec.
http://www.dramaturges.qc.ca
Théâtrales: A collection of French-language texts and hypertexts about theatre maintained by lUniversité du Québéc à Montréal.
http://www.theatrales.uquam.ca
Theatre Research in Canada/Recherches théâtrales au Canada: A journal published twice a year collaboratively by the University of Toronto Graduate Centre for Study of Drama, the Association for Canadian Theatre Research/Association pour la Recherche Théàtrale au Canada, and the Department of Drama, Queen's University.
http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/TRIC/homepage.html
![]() |
| Canadian Theatre Review 111 (2002) |
- Fischlin, Daniel, and Ric Knowles, eds. Adapting
Shakespeare in Canada. Spec. issue of Canadian Theatre Review 111 (2002). A full, special issue of CTR on Shakespearean
adaptation in Canada that includes two previously unpublished playscripts
of Shakespearean adaptations.
- Ann Wilson, editor. Shakespeare in Canada.
Spec. issue of Canadian Theatre Review 54 (1988). The
first full issue of CTR devoted to Shakespeare in Canada. Please note
that the playscript from this issue has been omitted as it contains
no Shakespearean content.
- Canadian
Theatre Review website.
(http://www.utpjournals.com/jour.ihtml?lp=ctr/ctr.html)
CASP gratefully acknowledges the permission it has been given to post these publications by the University of Toronto Press Journals Division.
- Fischlin, Daniel, Dorothy Hadfield, Gordon Lester, and Mark McCutcheon. "'The Web of Our Life is of a Mingled Yarn': The Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project, Humanities Scholarship, and ColdFusion." College Literature. Forthcoming. An essay on the design and technological development of the CASP Database and Website. Particular attention is given to design debates and errors made in different phases of the project.
- College
Literature website.
(http://www.wcupa.edu/_ACADEMICS/sch_cas.lit/default.htm)
Research Essays and Dissertations:
- Irene R. Makaryk on Shakespeare in Canada. A useful summary of the various ways in which Shakespeare has been represented in Canada.
- Leanore Lieblein on Shakespeare
in Quebec. A useful summary of the various ways in which Shakespeare
has been represented in Québec.
- Dickinson, Peter. "Duets, Duologues,
and Black Diasporic Theatre: Djanet Sears, William Shakespeare, and
Others." Modern Drama 45.2 (Summer 2002): 188-208.
Dickinson examines how Djanet Sears's Harlem Duet simultaneously displaces Shakespeare's Othello and replaces that text with/in a chorus of other(ed) literary voices. (Link to Modern Drama .)
- Dubois, René-Daniel. "The Canadian Essence: What will it mean to be a Canadian in the 21st century?" Summer Conference 1998: Rethinking Canada for the 21st Century. Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs. 6-8 Aug. 1998.
- Filewod, Alan. "The Theatrical Federalism of Vincent Massey." From Performing Canada: The Nation Enacted in the Imagined Theatre. Textual Studies in Canada Monographs. Kamloops: University College of the Cariboo, 2002: 35-58. This essay details relations between Vincent Massey's vision of theatrical federalism as given shape in both the Massey Commission/Report and the founding of the Stratford Shakespearean Festival (1953). For a link to Textual Studies in Canada click here. (Please see the The Massey Commission/Report .)
- Filewod, Alan. "National Theatre and Imagined Authenticities." From Performing Canada: The Nation Enacted in the Imagined Theatre. Textual Studies in Canada Monographs. Kamloops: University College of the Cariboo, 2002: 1-10. In this chapter, Filewod examines how nation and theatre produce each other in what he calls "the elation of spectacle."
![]() |
| Shakespeare's National History League promotional poster. |
- Fischlin, Daniel. "The Bard Gets Sporty." Download Daniel Fischlin's Foreword to Shakespeare's Sports Canon by Chris Coluluzzi and Matt Toner, an anthology of comic and satiric plays that adapt Shakespeare's complete works into a variety of sports contexts (2006).
- Fischlin, Daniel. "Nation
and/as Adaptation: Shakespeare, Canada, Authenticity." From Shakespeare
in Canada: A World Elsewhere? Ed. Diana Brydon and Irena Makaryk.
Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2002. 313-338. Fischlin explores how adaptations
of Shakespeare have been used to create Canadian national discourses.
- Fischlin, Daniel. "Virtual Shakespeares: Theatrical Adaptations and Transformations of Shakespeare, 1600-1997." This essay explores concepts of Shakespearean adaptation arguing for a wide-ranging notion of the term that is coincident with the multiple and varied practices of adaptation chronicled by Fischlin.
- Fortier, Mark. This Is, and Is Not, Shakespeare: (In)Fidelity in Adaptation. Part two. Fortier's Doctoral Dissertation completed at York University in 1989, and here made available in its entirety, is the first major study of adaptation theory in relation to Shakespeare done in Canada. Works Cited
- Fortier, Mark. "Undead
and Unsafe: Adapting Shakespeare (in Canada)." From Shakespeare
in Canada: A World Elsewhere? Ed. Diana Brydon and Irena Makaryk.
Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2002. 339-352. Fortier explores certain aspects
of adapting Shakespeare by examining a specific set of Canadian adaptations
alongside Žižekian theory.
- Frever, Trinna S. "Adaptive
Interplay: L.M. Montgomery, William Shakespeare, and Virginia Woolf's
Shakespearean Sister." Frever examines the inflence of Shakespeare
in the works of that best-known icon of Canadian literature, L.M.
Montgomery, author of, among others, the Anne
of Green Gables series.
- Keefer, Michael H. "Rooke's
Hooker: Prolepsis, Natural Law, Decentring in Shakespeare's Dog."
Keefer examines the use of prolepsis, the rhetorical figure of anticipation,
in Leon Rooke's novel, Shakespeare's Dog: throughout the
narrative, Hooker, Shakespeare's dog, anticipates a number of Elizabethan
literary events.
- Knowles, Ric. "'The real of it would be awful:' Representing The Real Ophelia in Canada." From Shakespeare and Canada: Essays on Production, Translation, and Adaptation. Bruxelles: Peter Lang, 2004: 117-36. Knowles examines how representations of Ophelia in Canadian adaptations "raise the question of who controls women's passage into representation." For further information on Ophelia's symbolic life in various adaptations, click here . See also Margaret Clarke's play Gertrude and Ophelia: A Play, archived in CASP's Online Anthology.
![]() |
| Harlem Duet 1997 poster. |
- Mafe, Diana Adesola. "From Ògún to Othello: (Re)Acquainting Yoruba Myth and Shakespeare's Moor." Slated to be published in the journal Research in African Literatures. Project-related work from a former Research Associate of CASP who theorizes on the intertextual, adaptive relations between Yoruba culture and Shakespeare. This work is extracted from an M.A. Research Project in the School of English and Theatre Studies at the University of Guelph (directed by Dr. Fischlin) that does a comparative reading of Yoruba and Canadian adaptations. See also Mafe's full M.A. Research Project . Link to the Research in African Literatures site.
- Moore, Don. Re-imagining Ethics, Rethinking Politics and Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare: A Hauntological Theory of Adaptation.
This article attempts to articulate a methodological framework for understanding how Canadian adaptations of Shakespeare uniquely take up/take apart nationalistic uses of "Shakespeare" as a universal, or "globalized" symbol of canonical authenticity, "high" cultural distinction, and even as an alibi for promoting particular ethico-political discourses of "humanity" and "human rights." The essay argues that particularly in the post-9/11 global climate, examining what is uniquely Canadian about Canadian adaptations of Shakespeare can help to underline the coextensions and contradictions in the ways in which certain hegemonic local and/or national contexts (such as the U.S.) tend to be held up as identical with the universal or global, often through the symbolic caché of Shakespeare as seemingly universal and singulary local all at once.
- McKinnon, James. "Towards a Dramaturgy of Appropriation: the Re-Vision of Shakespeare in Two Canadian Plays." McKinnon's M.A. Thesis, completed at the University of Alberta in 2002, argues that both OBriens Mad Boy Chronicle (1995) and Searss Harlem Duet (1998) exploit their links to the Shakespearean canon in order to interrogate Shakespeares place in contemporary theatres, schools, and culture. In this latter regard the thesis identifies and evaluates specific dramaturgical tactics of adaptation.
- J. Clark Murray of the Philosophy Department at McGill University published a paper in the April 1899 issue of the International Journal of Ethics entitled "The Merchant of Venice: as an Exponent of Industrial Ethics." The essay articulates––at the turn of the century––an insightful (Canadian?) perspective on how to interpret this controversial play.
- Schagerl, Jessica. 'A
Shakespearian View Of It': Shakespeare in Canada, 1848-1891.
Schagerl's M.A. Thesis, completed at the University of Ottawa in 2001,
explores how "Canada's comic press developed a complex and extensive
pattern of verbal and visual satire drawing on the powerful resonances
associated with the idea(l) of Shakespeare" (Abstract). Contains significant
information on J. W. Bengough including a large number of images in
which Shakespearean referents figure in relation to Canada. View Appendix.
(Please see our page on Bengough's
Cartoons.)
- Somerset, Alan. "Label Me a Sceptic, Tentatively, I Think ..." This essay was originally delivered at the conference, Picturing Shakespeare, organized by the Art Gallery of Ontario and Records of Early English Drama, at the University of Toronto in November 2002. Professor Somerset discusses the authenticity of the painting based on an examination of the paper label affixed to the back of the Sanders portrait.
- Death of a Chief (2006) Drawing parallels between this classic tale of power and betrayal (based on Shakespeare's Julius Caesar) and the lives of Native people in Canada today, Death of a Chief presents an array of intimate performances and discussions that include personal stories, dance, movement, and song. Co-adaptors/co-directors: Yvette Nolan & Kennedy Cathy MacKinnon.
- An Approach to Staging Shakespeare's Works (1961) Michael Langham. Langham, who succeeded Tyrone Guthrie as the Artistic Director of the Stratford Festival (1955-67), in a lecture given at McMaster University, sets out some of the distinctive features of his approach to staging Shakespeare: "The philosophy of this Canadian Stratford is omething like this … the stage will not be some literal, fixed location, but at any given moment will constitute the crucible in which the living elements of the play will interact … We ask [our audience] to indulge with us in the game of make-believe, but to retain sufficient objectivity to be conscious of the parallel between real life and this heightened ritualistic performance of it (23-24).
- Le Cycle des Rois (The Cycle of Kings) press reviews. CASP is pleased to present an online version of the huge array of critical writing in the popular press in French and English on the Jean Asselin directed cycle of three Shakespeare plays (Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V) done by Théâtre Omnibus at the Espace Libre in 1988 (March 30-May 14). In this wealth of materials are interviews, reviews, photos, and press announcements. Asselin himself asserts: "Je n'aime pas parler du Shakespeare d'aujourd'hui parce que ça ne veut dire rien. Les valeurs qu'il défendait seront toujours là. On n'a pas encore fini de découvrir des choses sur lui, sur son génie théâtrale. C'est lui qui a donné un sens a l'histoire anglaise bien plus que les historiens" [I don't like speaking about the Shakespeare of today because it doesn't mean a thing. The values he defended will always be there. We still haven't finished discovering things about him and his theatrical genius. He gave much more meaning to English history than did historians].
- Schaffeld, Norbert, ed. Shakespeare's Legacy: The Appropriation of the Plays in Post-Colonial Drama. (2005). Schaffeld and Albert Reiner-Glaap have contributed two chapters from Shakespeare's Legacy to be reproduced here. The anthology discusses the adaptation/appropriation of Shakespeare's work in various global contexts.
- The Massey Commission/Report: The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (1949-1951). "Vincent Massey, the first Canadian-born Governor General of Canada, was chairman of the Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences (1951). This report recommended the creation of the Canada Council and federal government spending on university education, a provincial responsibility. The Commission was an early expression of the need for Canadians to strengthen their cultural institutions in order to avoid being dominated by American cultural influences." (from http://bitbucket.icaap.org/dict.pl?term=MASSEY%20REPORT ). See the Commission's Report on "The Theatre" and see also the following brief presented to the Massey Commission from the Writers and Players Club (Ottawa), which argued that "encouragement be given to the writing and production of 'native' Canadian plays - that is, drama dealing with: 1. the mythical-legendary or 'pre-lhistoric' [sic] Canada 2. the period from the earliest historical contact of white with Indian, on through the French and British regimes to the present era of Canadian nationhood."
-
The Massey Commission Report on "The Theatre," is written, at least in part, by Robertson Davies. There is some confusion as to how much of this section was written and / or influenced by Davies, in his alter-ego as humorous essayist Samuel Marchbanks. CASP has pursued this research problem as a Special Topic. To see what CASP has uncovered, view Davies' correspondence (regarding the section of the Massey Report on the Theatre), and read the personal brief that Davies submitted to the Commission, see Special Topics: Robertson Davies and the Massey Report on the Theatre.
- Fulford, Robert. The Massey Report: did it send us the wrong way?
- Smyth, E. C. A
Description of a Production of Macbeth in Victoria, British
Columbia. (c.1860)
"...The house was a good one, scarcely an empty place to be found, not that that was very wonderful, since a piece in which there is plenty of bloodshed and a liberal display of the mediaeval bowie-knife cannot fail to be attractive; the only drawback in the eyes of a genuine Far-Westerling being perhaps that in Macbeth's time the revolver was not invented."
- Sister Mary
Agnes's Obituary.
Link to Anthology: A Shakespeare Pageant (1915), by Sister Mary Agnes
Link to Database
![]() |
| Production photograph from King Lear (Canadian Players Tour, 1961-1962) |
- Davin, Nicholas Flood. "The
Davin Report."
The "Davin Report" was a study of the way in which Americans socialized young Natives in residential schools, which led to the establishment of the residential school system that had such a devastating effect on aboriginal culture in Canada.
Link to Anthology: The Fair Grit; or The Advantages of Coalition. A Farce (1876)
Link to Database
- Davin, Nicholas Flood. "Interview
with Riel: His Parting Messages to Mankind."
Davin disguised himself as a priest and, pretending to deliver Riel's last rites, got the last interview with Louis Riel before his execution (published days after Riel was executed). CASP is pleased to make this rare and disturbing document available online for the first time.
Link to Anthology: The Fair Grit; or The Advantages of Coalition. A Farce (1876)
Link to Database
- True
Stories of New England Captives: Carried to Canada During the Old
French and Indian Wars (1897), by C. Alice Baker. In the
first chapter, Baker recounts a description the kidnapping of a group
of Aboriginals near the mouth of the Penobscot River by George
Weymouth in 1605. She writes: "Mr. Higginson tells us that Weymouth's
Indians were the objects of great wonder in England, and crowds of
people followed them in the streets. It is thought that Shakespeare
referred to them in The Tempest a few years later" (12).
- Canadian Jewish Congress. "Finding the Right Stage for The
Merchant of Venice."
This study guide prepared by the Canadian Jewish Congress aims to contexutualize Shakespeare's play for high school students who often ecounter it for the first time in Grade Nine. For theatrical engagements with issues of anti-Semitism, please see CASP's holdings on Tibor Egervari's play Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice in Auschwitz and Mark Leiren-Young's play Shylock.
![]() |
| The program cover for Vinetta Strombergs's historic, all-female, futuristic adaptation (1986) of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. |
- La Nuit des Rois (2002).
- The Merchant of Venice in Auschwitz (1993) (In English).
- Le Marchand de Venise de Shakespeare à Auschwitz (1993) (In French).
- Peines d'amour perdues Program (2000) (In French).
- Théâtre du Rideau Vert's prodction of Hamlet Program (1999) (In French).
- Hart House Theatre Program (1929).
The 1929 program for Hart House Theatre, one of the most important theatres in Canadian theatre history.
- Stratford Shakespearean
Festival Program (1953).
The first published program from the Stratford Shakespearean Festival, starring Alec Guinness and Irene Worth.
Link to The Stratford Adventure, the National Film Board of Canada documentary on the creation of the first Stratford Festival.
- Caesar Program (1986),
Vinetta Strombergs.
Link to Interview with Vinetta Strombergs
Link to Database
- Harlem Duet Program (performed October 27-November 29, 1997), Djanet Sears.
Link to Interview with Djanet Sears
Link to Database
- richardthesecond
Program (performed October 10-27, 2002), Matthew MacFadzean.
Link to Anthology
Link to Database
- It
Was All a Dream: A Hip-Hopera Program (performed February
28 & 29, and March 1 & 2, 2004), Ben Taylor and Michelle Smith.
Link to Multimedia
Link to Database
The program cover for Vinetta Strombergs's historic, all-female, futuristic adaptation (1986) of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.
![]() |
| R. J. Reynolds's Lucky Strike Ad, 1937 |
- Michael Langham and the Stratford Shakespeare Seminars: In 1960, Michael Langham, the Artistic Director of the Stratford Festival, proposed an academic symposium that would be held during the theatre season. Involved would be academics, university professors, critics, actors, directors, producers, teachers, and most importantly to Langham, the growing number of everyday Canadians that were coming to the Stratford Festival. Langham hoped that this would enable diverse discourses on Shakespeare. Starting in 1960 and running until 1969 the annual Shakespeare Seminar was held in the Festival Theatre and was accompanied by theatre tours, actor panels, formal discussion groups, and banquets. CASP is pleased to make these seminars available online for the first time.
- Herbert Whittaker and "Shakespeare In Canada" In August of 1964, well known theatre critic and designer Herbert Whittaker delivered an essay at the fourth annual Seminar on Shakespeare at the Stratford Festival. Whittaker examines the history of Shakespeare, including the onslaught of colonialism and predominant British values and the early adaptations and performances by Canadians.
Key French Canadian Collaborations at the Stratford Festival.
Ken Ludwig is an American playwright, who has had his play, Lend Me a Tenor, performed across Canada. This play features two characters on the stage in blackface, which references the legacy of racial stereotypes and colonial mentality that permeates from the American minstrel period. This play is exemplary of cultural transmission and the damaging effect it can have a nation if not questionned critically.
- Orlando John Stevenson
Orlando John Stevenson, head of the English Department at the Ontario Agricultural College (Guelph) from 1919 to 1939, was the foremost critical interpreter of Shakespeare’s plays during the early twentieth century for Canadian students and their teachers. This article explores Stevenson's editions of Shakespeare and his early contributions to the study of Canadian literature.
- “Sophisticated Pleasure”: The Stratford-Tobacco Connection
This essay explores the connection between Shakespeare and tobacco advertising, particularly in terms of tobacco sponsorship of the Stratford Festival in Canada through donations and paid advertisements. From the 1920s, tobacco companies have used William Shakespeare to endorse and legitimize their products by creating Shakespeare themed marketing campaigns. Yet, the Stratford Festival has demonstrated that Shakespeare may rely on tobacco just as much as tobacco relies on Shakespeare. From its inception in the 1950s, the Stratford Festival has relied on the tobacco industry for financial sponsorship. Thus, the two seemingly unrelated entities—tobacco and Shakespeare—actually seem to share a symbiotic relationship—they each depend on the other for success and survival.
- Acting Prime Ministers: The Trudeau Legacy on Shakespeare’s CBC
Through exploring screen dramatisations and fictionalisations of Canada's political history, Jonathan Blair Brandon considers the multitude of Shakespearean references that establish the theatricality of both on-screen and real-world contemporary Canadian politics. Director Charles Binamé of H2O (2004), in particular, brings this dynamic to the fore by intertwining Shakespeare with the calculated manipulation of emotionally-charged Canadian cultural iconography and the political legacy of the Trudeau family.
- A Gathering of Flowers from Shakespeare
A Gathering of Flowers from Shakespeare textually and visually examines quotations and passages laden with flower and plant imagery. This article explores how Gerard Brender à Brandis and F. David Hoeniger have created a visual adaptation of Shakespeare through the juxtaposition of linguistic text and printed image.
- To Thine Ownself Be Excellent
In “To Thine Own Self Be Excellent,” Chris Beard examines the cultural event that was the Manitoba Theatre Centre’s 1995 production of Hamlet, starring Keanu Reeves. He argues that it was an unprecedented example of what happens when Shakespeare, Hollywood and Canadian culture collide.
![]() |
| Keanu Reeves at Winnipeg Airport |
-
“The Davin Report: Shakespeare and Canada’s Manifest Destiny” by Sorouja Moll.
This paper sets out to overturn the settled and pristine landscapes managed and organized around Canadian nationalism by revisiting the history of Nicholas Flood Davin (1843-1901) and his literary, social, and political life that used “noble inspirations,” such as Shakespeare, to settle territories. Moll’s paper investigates Davin’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet called The Fair Grit along with his other poetic, journalistic and political writing. For further reading and resources on similar issues, please visit the CASP Spotlight on Canadian Aboriginal Adaptations of Shakespeare.
- The Festival of Original Theatre 2006: Performing Adaptations
Hosted by the Graduate Centre for the Study of Drama at the University of Toronto, this annual conference attracts academics and artists from around the world. The 2006 program highlighted here featured discussions of adaptation and "its potenial for inter-disciplinary discussion and collaboration".
- Voltaire, Shakespeare, and Canada
A page devoted to the circulation and misquotation of Voltaire's infamous comments on Shakespeare, Canada, and "drunken" savages.
- Robertson Davies and the Massey Report
on the Theatre
A page detailing CASP's investigation into the relationship between Robertson Davies and the Massey Report on the Theatre.
- The Margaret Eaton School of Literature and Expression
The Margaret Eaton School of Literature and Expression opened in Toronto in 1907, beginning nearly twenty years of instruction and influence that would create ripples throughout the Little Theatre movement (and indeed influence the development of Canadian theatre generally). The School's curriculum was based on classical Greek and Shakespearean values, with the goal of developing a strong Canadian creative practice based on cannonical texts. Its unique role in creating a place for women in Canadian Theatre has been largely overlooked, and CASP is pleased to present this brief history with links to further reading.
Disclaimer: This site has been designed with only non-commercial, academic uses in mind. Although every effort has been made to secure permission for materials uploaded on the CASP site, in some circumstances we have been unable to locate copyright holders. Links may be made to our site but under no conditions are the texts and images to be copied and mounted onto another site server. Researchers using the site should accredit it following standard MLA guidelines on how to do so. Correct citation of information from the site is as follows:
Fischlin, Daniel. Canadian Adaptations of Shakespeare Project .
University of Guelph. 2004.
<http://www.canadianshakespeares.ca >.
















